Sacral neuromodulation in sphincteric disorders

Background Various neurological pathologies can interest the inferior urinary tract determining bladder dysfunctions of two types: a) dysfunctions of the phase of filling: detrusorial hyperactivity and urethral hypoactivity that cause urinary urge-incontinence,b) dysfunctions of the phase of emptying: detrusorial hypoactivity and urethral hyperactivity that cause urinary retention or difficulty of emptying. Neurogenic low urinary tract dysfunctions unresponsive to medical and conservative therapy are difficult to manage. Nowadays they can be treated with Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS), even if clinical experiences reported in literature are still limited.